Final answer:
A firm's redesign of its logo and reduction of packaging for ecological reasons exemplify substantial greening, a deep-rooted commitment to sustainability. This approach is associated with market-oriented policies that emphasize efficiency and optimal resource use to achieve environmental goals, unlike the rigid structure of command-and-control policies. The correct option is d. substantial
Step-by-step explanation:
When a firm redesigns its logo and reduces packaging materials to reflect its ecological views, this is an example of substantial greening. Substantial greening involves significant changes that reflect a company's commitment to environmental sustainability.
Companies like Inditex, the owner of Zara, emphasize this by committing to the use of sustainable or recycled materials. Such systemic changes are not just for optics but also carry a weight of genuine concern and strategic planning for reducing environmental impacts.
The Fashion Industry Charter for Climate Action, which aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, is another compelling example of substantial greening within an industry.
Point S likely represents a market-oriented environmental policy as it offers the same level of output with greater environmental protection, emphasizing efficiency and sustainability.
Meanwhile, Point Q, associated with a command-and-control policy, may impose strict regulations without the flexibility that market mechanisms provide for achieving environmental goals. The correct option is d. substantial