Final answer:
Unemployment, low income, and living in urban areas are linked to higher depression risk, with unemployment deeply affecting financial stability and mental well-being. The correct option is d. urban areas.
Step-by-step explanation:
Factors such as unemployment, being separated, divorced, or widowed, earning less than $20,000 per year, and living in urban areas are associated with greater risks of depression. The hardships brought on by unemployment can have significant negative effects on an individual's financial stability and self-worth, leading to increased stress and potentially contributing to depression.
Moreover, demographic studies and surveys like those by Cohen & Janicki-Deverts (2012), as well as historical events such as the Great Depression, emphasize the psychological impact that economic downturns and personal financial crises can have on mental health.