Final answer:
SAML, OpenID, and OAuth 2.0 can be used for cloud-based application authentication by option d). Azure Active Directory (Azure AD).
Step-by-step explanation:
Azure AD is intended for managing access to cloud-based applications and servers that use modern authentication protocols such as SAML 2.0, OpenID Connect, OAuth 2.0 and WS-Federation. Azure AD manages access through user accounts, which carry a username and a password.
These protocols enable secure, token-based authentication and authorization. SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is a standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data.
OpenID is used for single sign-on (SSO) to allow users to log in with a single ID. OAuth 2.0 is a protocol for authorization that allows third-party access to user resources without exposing their credentials.
Azure AD supports all these protocols, providing a comprehensive and secure identity and access management solution for cloud-based applications.