Final answer:
The claim that lemurs evolving from ancestral primates in Madagascar is an example of vicariance biogeography is false because it is more correctly described as adaptive radiation, where a single species diversifies into many to fill ecological niches.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that lemurs evolved from ancestral primates who rafted to Madagascar and then changed after their arrival, being an example of vicariance biogeography, is false. The evolutionary process described here is more accurately an example of adaptive radiation. This process occurs when a species enters a new habitat or environment with various ecological niches and subsequently diversifies into a range of new species, each adapted to a specific niche. This is similar to the biodiversity observed in the Galápagos finches and the Lake Victoria cichlids, both of which underwent adaptive radiation, developing into multiple species with various adaptations.