Final answer:
Courts accept administrative agency rules established through study and proper process, exercising judicial review when necessary to assess constitutionality or lawfulness of those regulations. The correct answer is option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
When it comes to administrative agencies, courts accept rules that have been established by agencies using study and proper process. Courts have the power of judicial review, which allows them to overturn laws or actions of Congress and the Executive Branch based on their constitutionality, but they do not often substitute their own judgment for that of the agency.
The principle of judicial review does not allow courts to review agency decisions on a whim; there must be a substantial question of the regulation's lawfulness or constitutionality. In addition, courts typically defer to the expertise of the agencies tasked with creating those regulations, unless there is a clear error or overstepping of authority.
The role of the courts is notably important when individuals or groups feel there has been a wrong and seek recourse through the judicial system, but this is balanced by a standard of review that often respects the specialized function and expertise of administrative agencies.