Final answer:
Saliva contains salivary amylase and lingual lipase, which begin the digestion of carbohydrates and fats, respectively. It also possesses antibacterial substances such as immunoglobulin A and lysozyme, which protect against oral infections and tooth decay.
Step-by-step explanation:
Saliva is well-suited to its functions of digestion and maintaining oral health in a couple of significant ways:
- Enzymatic activity: Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase, which begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into maltose. Additionally, it contains lingual lipase, secreted by the tongue, which starts the digestion of fats.
- Antimicrobial properties: Saliva holds antibacterial substances like immunoglobulin A and lysozyme, offering protection against oral infections and reducing tooth decay.
Furthermore, saliva contains bicarbonate and phosphate ions that help maintain a neutral pH, which is conducive to its enzymatic actions and helps neutralize acids that can cause tooth decay. The salivary mucus aids in the lubrication and formation of the food bolus, making it easier to swallow. These features underscore the complexity and efficiency of saliva in aiding digestion and protecting oral health.