Final answer:
Age-related deficits in associative memory and learning include d) impairments in episodic memory and vocabulary comprehension.
Step-by-step explanation:
The age-related deficits in associative memory and learning include impairments in episodic memory and vocabulary comprehension (option d).
Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or experiences from the past, while vocabulary comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of words.
As individuals age, they may experience difficulty in remembering personal experiences and comprehending new words.