Final answer:
The term b) 'extrinsic motivation' describes the motivation that arises from external rewards like money or grades. It contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which is driven by personal satisfaction and interest in the activity itself.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that matches with "the motivation that takes action like grades, money, or power" is b. Extrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This kind of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual and is driven by the pleasure one gets from the task itself.
For example, Carl mowing his neighbor's yard for $20 is an act of extrinsic motivation because he is motivated by the monetary reward. In the context of education, students may pursue their studies due to extrinsic factors such as career aspirations or fulfilling the expectations of others.