Final answer:
Emphysema is primarily caused by tobacco smoking, and lifelong smokers have a high risk of developing COPD, which includes emphysema. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of COPD in nonsmokers. Preventative measures and treatment options are limited, with smoking cessation being the most effective way to slow progression.
Step-by-step explanation:
Emphysema is a serious respiratory condition that is primarily caused by tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoke leads to the breakdown of lung tissues and is a significant cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a group of lung conditions that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. According to research, of the individuals who are lifelong smokers, about half will eventually develop COPD.
For nonsmokers, exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of developing COPD, accounting for about 20 percent of cases. Importantly, most cases of COPD could be prevented by never smoking. In terms of treatment, while there is no cure for COPD, cessation of smoking can slow the progression of the disease. Treatments may include supplemental oxygen and inhaled bronchodilators to reduce symptoms, but in very severe cases, a lung transplantation may be considered the only curative option.