Final answer:
The psychological perspectives focused on the mind's inner workings include the psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives. These contrast with learning approaches that emphasize observable behavior and other later-emerging theories on personality.
Step-by-step explanation:
The psychological perspectives that try to understand the inner workings of the mind include the psychodynamic, and cognitive perspectives. Psychoanalytic interpretations, such as those of Sigmund Freud, explore the realm of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, emphasizing that childhood experiences meaningfully shape personality.
Freud's theories, especially the concept of the id, ego, and superego, have set the stage for much of psychological thinking, albeit they are less favored now due to issues with falsifiability.
In contrast, the cognitive revolution brought back the focus onto the internal mental processes, but from a different angle, emphasizing conscious thought, problem-solving, and information processing. This shift was characterized by interdisciplinary influences from linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science, and it underpins modern cognitive psychology.
These perspectives contrast with the learning approaches focused on observable behavior, and with other frameworks such as humanistic, biological, evolutionary, trait, and cultural perspectives that emerged subsequently, offering alternative views on personality and self-development.