Final answer:
The physiological mechanism for dissolving clots is called fibrinolysis, where plasmin breaks down fibrin within the clot.
Step-by-step explanation:
The physiological mechanism responsible for dissolving clots in the body is known as fibrinolysis. This process ensures the degradation of clots to restore normal blood flow after vessel healing. Through a complex series of reactions involving factor XII and protein-catabolizing enzymes, plasminogen is converted into the active enzyme plasmin. Plasmin gradually breaks down the fibrin of the clot, a filamentous protein mesh that traps platelets and blood cells. As the fibrin disintegrates, the clot dissolves, and circulation is improved.
Besides this natural process, thrombolytic agents can hasten clot breakdown, with agents such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) being used in clinical medicine to treat thrombotic strokes effectively. Furthermore, new therapies using compounds from snake venom are being explored as potential thrombolytic treatments.
Plasma anticoagulants are also vital in preventing new clots from forming during and after the process of fibrinolysis. The body's balance between coagulation and anticoagulation is crucial for preventing excessive bleeding or clotting. Bradykinin, which is released during fibrinolysis, serves as a vasodilator, reversing the vasoconstrictive effects of serotonin and prostaglandins and allowing the vessels to relax.