Final answer:
The five layers of Earth sorted by chemical characteristics are the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core, each with distinct compositions such as silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, and iron and nickel alloys.
Step-by-step explanation:
The five layers of Earth by chemical composition, in order, are the crust, the mantle (including the upper mantle and the lower mantle), the outer core, and the inner core. The crust is the outermost layer characterized by silicon oxide and aluminum oxide, varying in thickness and composition between continents and oceans. The mantle is thicker and composed of minerals richer in iron and magnesium. Below the mantle lies the core, divided into a liquid outer core responsible for Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core made of an iron and nickel alloy. These five layers are defined by their unique chemical elements and compounds.