Final answer:
The work of thirteenth-century scholastics differed from that of Abelard in their more extensive use of Aristotelian philosophy, integration of Jewish and Islamic scholarly insights, and in the emergence of a methodological approach strongly represented by figures such as Thomas Aquinas.
Step-by-step explanation:
How the work of thirteenth-century scholastics differed from that of Abelard revolves primarily around their methodological developments and their interaction with newly accessible texts. Abelard's work, in the early 12th century, was pioneering for introducing Aristotelian logic into theology.
However, by the 13th century, scholasticism had evolved, incorporating not just the rediscovered works of Aristotle, but also engaging with the commentaries of Islamic scholars such as al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, and Jewish thinkers. This was a significant advance that can be seen in the works of figures like Thomas Aquinas.
Importantly, Aquinas not only sought to reconcile faith with reason by engaging with Aristotelian philosophy, but he also integrated insights from Jewish and Islamic philosophy into Christian thought, broadening the intellectual framework of the period.