Final answer:
The creation of new proteins is called translation, while transcription is the process of producing messenger RNA from a DNA template. These processes are integral to gene expression, the regulation of which is essential for proper cellular function.
Step-by-step explanation:
The manufacture of new proteins is termed translation, and the production of a messenger RNA corresponding to a specific gene is called transcription. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein, with transcription occurring when a cell needs to make a specific protein. A section of DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then used during translation to synthesize a protein based on the information contained within the mRNA sequence.
The mRNA is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and the code it carries specifies the order of amino acids in the protein, with each three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA, known as a codon, corresponding to one amino acid. This process ensures that the necessary proteins are synthesized at the right time in cells, allowing for proper cell function through the regulation of gene expression.