Final answer:
The term that describes a child's inherent tendencies toward emotionality and behavior is called temperament. It is largely influenced by biological factors and is categorized into three main types: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Temperament affects a child's interactions and can also influence parental responses.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term used to describe a child's tendency toward fearfulness, activity, and positive affect is known as temperament. Temperament refers to the biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways, which are evident early in a child's life. Studies by researchers such as Thomas and Chess have categorized children's temperaments into three types: easy, difficult, or slow to warm up. These temperaments can influence a child's interactions with the world and their emotional regulation. Factors such as parenting styles can influence how these temperamental traits are expressed and managed throughout childhood.
Moreover, temperament can impact the interaction between the child and their caregivers. For example, children with an easy temperament are usually more adaptable and can manage their emotions effectively, while those with a difficult temperament might exhibit more negative emotions and face challenges in adapting to changes. This interplay can also affect parenting behavior, where easier temperaments can elicit warm and responsive parenting, whereas more demanding temperaments can challenge caregivers.