Final answer:
Warrantless searches without probable cause are permitted under specific exceptions like exigent circumstances, consent, plain view, and special scenarios like border searches. The Fourth Amendment provides the basis for this with a preference for warrants but allows for flexibility under certain conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The main answer to when a warrantless search without probable cause can be made includes specific exceptions to the general requirement of warrants for searches and seizures. This is rooted in the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets forth that warrants should be issued upon probable cause. However, exigent circumstances, consent, plain view doctrine, and special scenarios like searches at the border or the passenger compartments of vehicles do not always require a warrant. Furthermore, a 'reasonable expectation of privacy' is considered when determining if a warrantless search is permissible.An explanation exceeding 100 words would further delve into how the exceptions to the warrant requirement have evolved through court rulings. For example, exigent circumstances allow for a search if there's an imminent risk of evidence being destroyed. Consent to a search obviates the need for a warrant as does the plain view doctrine when evidence is in sight of law enforcement during their lawful presence at a location. Special allowances are made for certain areas insensitive to national security, like borders, and for situations such as searches of vehicles where probable cause can apply without the need for a formal warrant.In conclusion, while the Fourth Amendment establishes a strong preference for police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search, several exceptions allow for warrantless searches under specific conditions, adapted to balance individual privacy rights with law enforcement needs.