Final answer:
The cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory reflexes are activated by inputs from various types of receptors, including proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, and are controlled through sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations, affecting heart rate and cardiac output.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory reflexes respond to input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors. These reflexes are governed by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic stimulation from the cardiac accelerator nerve and parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus nerve regulate the heart rate and stroke volume. For instance, chemoreceptors activate the cardioaccelerator center in response to high levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, thereby increasing cardiac output. Conversely, they stimulate the cardioinhibitor center when these levels decrease, leading to reduced cardiac output.