Final answer:
The subject of this question is Mathematics and it relates to factors of a natural number.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of this question is Mathematics. Specifically, the question is related to factors of a natural number.
The proper term to describe all the natural number factors of a number other than the number itself is the proper divisors. For example, the proper divisors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.
The exponent in mathematics refers to the raised number to the right of a base number, indicating the number of factors of that base number in the original number. However, it seems the additional references provided are not directly related to the question.