Final answer:
The correct answer is d) establishment and free-exercise, referring to the Establishment Clause, which ensures separation of church and state, and the Free Exercise Clause, which protects individuals' rights to practice their religion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two clauses in the 1st Amendment dealing with religion are called the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause, so the correct answer is d) establishment and free-exercise. The Establishment Clause prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, which has been interpreted as a directive for a separation between church and state. On the other hand, the Free Exercise Clause prohibits Congress from making laws that would prohibit the free exercise of religion, protecting the rights of individuals to practice their faith without government interference.
As we look at these two clauses, we can see that they work together to guarantee religious freedom by ensuring the government neither favors a particular religion nor restricts religious practices. Thus, they form the backbone of religious liberty in the United States.