Final answer:
Obesity increases the likelihood of developing knee injuries requiring surgery, spinal disc degeneration, and alterations in immune functions, hence the answer is 'D. all of the above'.
Step-by-step explanation:
Overweight and obese individuals are more likely to develop knee injuries requiring surgery, spinal disc degeneration, and alterations in immune functions; thus, the correct answer to the question is D. all of the above. Obesity puts additional stress on the body, contributing to a variety of health issues, including joint damage and increased wear and tear due to the excess weight.
Moreover, the increased number of fat cells in obese individuals can lead to inflammation and a host of metabolic changes that affect various body systems. It is estimated that a significant number of Type 2 diabetes cases are linked to obesity, and the risk is also elevated for osteoarthritis and other conditions related to inflammation and metabolic dysfunctions.