Final answer:
The correct answer is option c) Achieve an idealized masculine appearance.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the plastic surgeon referenced in An Emasculating Truth, more and more men are getting plastic surgery to achieve an idealized masculine appearance. This pursuit is influenced by a variety of social pressures, including the challenges of embodying masculinity and changing societal perceptions of aging in men. The emphasis on maintaining a youthful masculinity is driven by both personal desire and societal norms that prioritize certain physical appearances.
In the broader context, men face the challenge of meeting societal expectations which often dictates that masculinity must be constantly worked on and proven. This is illustrated in cultural contexts, such as that of Igbo communities in Nigeria, where becoming a man is seen as a lifelong task.
Moreover, shifts in cultural attitudes have led to a wider acceptance and pursuit of cosmetic procedures and products by men, including makeup and hormone therapy, to enhance or maintain their masculine appearance.