Final answer:
Thomas Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican party (option c and d) at the turn of the nineteenth century, which believed in a limited federal government with more state and individual control.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thomas Jefferson's Political Party
At the turn of the nineteenth century, Thomas Jefferson was instrumental in organizing the Democratic-Republican party. This party emerged as a major political force opposing the Federalists and articulated the vision of a more limited federal government, advocating for greater control in the hands of states and individuals. The nascent United States experienced a shift in political power following the domination by the Federalists, setting the stage for Jefferson's party's rise to prominence. This ultimately led to the election of Thomas Jefferson as president, marking the decline of Federalist influence and the ascent of the Democratic-Republicans. This change indicated the nation's desire for a balance between a robust central government and the autonomy of states, a theme that continued to influence American political discourse.
It's important to note that the terms 'Democratic-Republican' and 'Republican' were often used interchangeably to describe Jefferson's party during this period. Nonetheless, historians typically refer to Jefferson's party as the Democratic-Republican party to differentiate it from the modern Republican party, which is distinct and arose later in the mid-nineteenth century.