Final answer:
The correct answer is d) all of the above. U.S. political parties are weaker than in Europe because they do not usually select their candidates, they are highly centralized, and they are becoming less inclusive. U.S. political parties are becoming less inclusive, which means that they are not effectively appealing to a wide range of voters.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the United States, political parties are weaker than in Europe for several reasons. One reason is that U.S. political parties do not usually select their candidates, which means that candidates can run independently without relying on party support. Another reason is that U.S.
political parties are highly centralized, with lower levels of the party taking on the responsibility for voter registration and mobilization. Lastly, U.S. political parties are becoming less inclusive, which means that they are not effectively appealing to a wide range of voters. Therefore, the correct answer is d) all of the above.