Final answer:
The correct answer is 'Groupthink bias,' which does not directly affect individual attributions, unlike the other options provided.
Step-by-step explanation:
The direct answer to the question is d:
This is the only option listed that is not a type of cognitive bias affecting attributions. Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, and they often affect various aspects of our social perception and the attributions we make about others' behaviors and our own. Below are definitions and explanations for each:
- Self-serving bias: This is a bias where people attribute their successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, hence serving their self-esteem.
- Fundamental attribution error: This bias refers to the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior.
- Confirmation bias: Involves the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
- Groupthink bias: Although this term involves decision-making within a group, it is not directly a bias affecting individual attributions, but rather a phenomenon where the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
Examples of biases that do affect how we make attributions include the actor-observer bias, just-world hypothesis, and others such as anchoring bias and availability bias. It is essential to understand these cognitive biases because they can influence how we perceive and interact with the world, leading to errors in judgment and decision-making.