Final answer:
Operant conditioning, represented by shaping, describes the gradual process of influencing behavior by rewarding intermediate steps that lead to the desired behavior, such as teaching a dog to go to the crate when she hears "park it". So, the correct answer is option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
Operant conditioning, which is represented by the process of shaping, describes the gradual process of influencing behavior via rewarding intermediate steps that lead to behavior. Shaping involves breaking down behaviors into small, achievable steps and rewarding successive approximations of the target behavior.
This approach is used to teach a dog to go to the crate when she hears "park it." It is different from classical conditioning, which involves learning through associations between stimuli and involuntary responses, and operates through reinforcement or punishment after the behavior is demonstrated. So, the correct answer is option d.