Final answer:
Kohlberg's model of moral development is based on justice while Gilligan's model is based on care, with both theorists addressing how socialization affects the moral reasoning of different genders.
Step-by-step explanation:
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is predicated on a justice perspective, largely focusing on how individuals understand and apply abstract principles like justice, rights, and equality. Carol Gilligan, a critic of Kohlberg, noted that his research might show gender bias due to the fact that his studies were initially conducted only on male subjects. Gilligan's own research in moral development suggests that there are gender differences in moral reasoning, with boys generally adopting a justice perspective. This perspective emphasizes laws, rules, and fairness. On the other hand, Gilligan's research found that girls are more likely to adopt a care perspective, which focuses on interpersonal relationships, responsibility, and caring for others.
Gilligan argued that neither perspective was necessarily "better" but that they served different purposes. Her view is that boys are often socialized within a framework that values rules and the justice system, which are vital in work environments dominated by these principles. In contrast, girls are socialized to value empathy and connection, which are essential in home environments, where care and flexibility are necessary. She thereby challenges not only Kohlberg's conclusions but also introduces a vital discourse on the influence of gender on ethical thinking and moral development.