Final answer:
The correct option is a) Effective communication.
Effective communication is crucial in creating a positive parent-child relationship, leading to beneficial child outcomes. Modern psychology prioritizes positive reinforcement over punishment to foster a nurturing environment for children without inciting fear or aggression.
Step-by-step explanation:
When families use effective communication, both parent and child respond and cooperate with each other in an emotionally positive relationship. Effective communication is crucial for fostering a nurturing environment where children can thrive. Establishing this positive dynamic is associated with favorable outcomes such as better grades and fewer behavioral problems in school.
Despite the occasional use of punishment, modern psychology emphasizes the benefits of positive reinforcement. Positive experiences and incentives are recommended over punitive measures, as they promote trust and better relationships, minimizing fear or aggression in children. This shift away from physical forms of discipline reflects the evolving perspective on child-rearing practices influenced by various sociological factors.