Final answer:
The term that best fits the definition of understanding the world, thinking rationally, and using resources effectively when facing problems is 'intelligence.' It encompasses analytical, creative, and practical skills that are not confined to any single approach or type of thinking.
Step-by-step explanation:
The psychologist's working definition described in the student's question pertains to intelligence. This term encompasses an individual's capacity to understand the world, think logically, and use resources effectively when tackling challenges or issues. Since the other options mentioned (divergent problem-solving, creative thinking, and heuristic usage) are part of or related to intelligence but do not cover its full definition, intelligence is the most appropriate answer.
Critical thinking and problem-solving are essential components of intelligence, allowing individuals to solve different types of problems with various strategies such as trial and error, applying algorithms, and using heuristics. Intelligence is complex and multifaceted, including analytical, creative, and practical abilities. While combined with these skills, it goes beyond just solving problems; it integrates knowledge, reasoning, and effective resource utilization.