Final answer:
The correct answer is option c. An example of generalization.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mandy's fear of houseflies, which developed after being stung by a bee, is an example of stimulus generalization. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the conditioned stimulus was the buzzing of a bee, and the conditioned response was an increased heart rate due to fear. Now, the similar sound of a housefly buzzing triggers the same response, even though the housefly is not a bee and does not present the same threat.
This type of learning process is associated with classical conditioning, which extends beyond basic needs such as food. It illustrates how organisms can adapt their behavior based on experiences. While the buzzing of the bee was the original source of fear, the generalized response to the buzzing of other insects like houseflies indicates the transfer of the fear response to similar stimuli.
Comparable learning processes in classical conditioning involve acquisition, where an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is learned; extinction, where the conditioned response weakens in absence of the unconditioned stimulus; and stimulus discrimination, where an organism responds differently to various stimuli that are similar.
Considering the options provided, Mandy's fear of houseflies is best described as c. An example of generalization.