Final answer:
Multiple sclerosis is the disease associated with the deterioration of the myelin sheath, resulting in a variety of symptoms including fatigue, vision problems, and muscle weakness.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disease that involves deterioration of the myelin sheath is multiple sclerosis (MS). This neurodegenerative condition is characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin, which wraps around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. The myelin sheath’s role is to insulate neurons and ensure the rapid transmission of electrical signals. When the myelin is damaged, as seen in MS, this leads to a decrease in sensation, coordination, movement, and cognition, among other neurological functions. Symptoms of MS typically include fatigue, vision problems, muscle weakness, loss of balance, and tingling or numbness in the extremities, which is often called neuropathy. These symptoms vary widely among individuals and can be intermittent or progressive. Unfortunately, at present, there is no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms.