Final answer:
The basic social need identified by Sullivan that intensifies in early adolescence is the need for intimacy. This period is crucial for forming personal identity and meaningful relationships as per Erikson's theory, and the need for intimacy is fundamental to human motivation and belonging. The correct option is (a).
Step-by-step explanation:
The basic social need identified by Sullivan that intensifies in early adolescence is a) The need for intimacy. During this developmental stage, adolescents begin to seek closer personal relationships and more meaningful connections beyond their family circle. According to psychologist Erik Erikson's theory, after individuals have developed a sense of self in adolescence, they become ready to share their lives with others. Developing intimate relationships is seen as a primary task during early adulthood, which follows the adolescent period. If a positive self-concept is not developed during adolescence, individuals may face challenges with loneliness and emotional isolation as they transition into adulthood.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development highlight different challenges faced at various stages of life. In the context of older adults, they must work on overcoming despair to achieve integrity (a). This struggle pertains to reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, rather than experiencing regret and despair.
The need for intimacy is a fundamental human motivation that extends beyond Erikson's theory, as supported by the work of Baumeister and Leary in their exploration of the need to belong. Adolescence is also a time when individuals start forming their personal identity, which is crucial to developing healthy intimate relationships later on. Understanding social dynamics, such as social exchange theory where humans aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs in relationships, also aids in grasping the importance of intimacy. Moreover, recognition of the conditions under which informational social influence is more likely, such as when answers are unclear or the group has expertise (d. both b and c), helps to identify social contexts in which adolescents might be navigating their need for intimacy.