Final answer:
Clinical psychologists generally obtain an undergraduate degree in psychology and attend graduate school for 4-5 years to complete a PhD or PsyD. They must often also complete postdoctoral work before becoming a licensed clinical or counseling psychologist. The correct option is (c).
Step-by-step explanation:
Clinical psychologists typically obtain an undergraduate degree, usually in psychology, and then attend graduate school for at least 4-5 years. Most often, the pathway to becoming a clinical psychologist involves completing a PhD or PsyD, which is a rigorous and extensive process that can take between 5-6 years after undergraduate studies. During their graduate education, individuals will engage in a deep study of psychology, often focusing on areas such as clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, or counseling psychology, among others.
Beyond obtaining their graduate degree, prospective clinical psychologists must often complete postdoctoral work under the supervision of a licensed psychologist. This step is a part of the process of becoming a fully licensed clinical or counseling psychologist. However, some states have been moving away from this postdoctoral requirement, potentially shortening the route to commencing professional practice. Once licensure requirements - which usually include successful completion of a licensure exam - are met, individuals are allowed to practice as licensed psychologists.