Final answer:
The teacher is most likely applying Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory in her classroom by using diverse methods to cater to different types of intelligence among her students.
Step-by-step explanation:
The teacher implementing a variety of methods such as mapping, model building, and group discussion when teaching about volcanoes is most likely utilizing Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, known as the Multiple Intelligences Theory. Gardner proposed that intelligence is more diverse than a single general ability, identifying at least eight different intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. By integrating various educational methods, the teacher is addressing different intelligences that students may possess.Gardner's theory has been influential in education, although it has also received criticism for a lack of empirical evidence. Nonetheless, educators often embrace the concept as it promotes the idea that everyone can be smart in their unique way, which is an attractive concept especially in democratic societies where individual talents are valued.The main answer to the question is a) Howard Gardner, whose theory of multiple intelligences aligns with the teaching methods described.In conclusion, while Alfred Binet, Robert Sternberg, and Charles Spearman all made significant contributions to the field of intelligence research and testing, the teaching methods mentioned suggest that the teacher is applying Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory in her classroom.