Final answer:
The belief that movements of the facial muscles can influence emotional reactions is known as the facial feedback hypothesis, which differs from other theories such as James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The belief that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions is known as the facial feedback hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that facial movements can influence emotional experiences. For example, smiling can make a person feel happier, while frowning can make someone feel sadder. The theory suggests that sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling.
Several researchers like Buck (1980), Soussignan (2002), and others have conducted investigations into the facial feedback hypothesis. Their studies show that suppression of facial expressions can lower the intensity of emotions, while the use of facial expressions such as smiling can enhance the feeling of happiness. This research indicates a link between facial muscle activity and corresponding emotional experiences.
In summary, the facial feedback hypothesis stands apart from the James-Lange theory, which posits that emotions arise from physiological arousal, and the Cannon-Bard theory, which argues that physiological responses and emotions occur simultaneously and independently. It also differs from the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory that suggests cognitive labels are applied to physiological arousal to create emotional experiences.