Final answer:
The goals of aggressive behavior include achieving one's goals, coping with feelings of annoyance, and gaining material and social rewards. Protecting oneself or others is a form of prosocial behavior, which differs from aggression as it is not intended to cause harm.
Step-by-step explanation:
All of the following are goals of aggressive behavior, except:
a) Achieving one's goals
b) Coping with feelings of annoyance
c) Gaining material and social rewards
d) Protecting oneself or others
The subject of this question is addressing the various motivations for displaying aggressive behavior. Aggression can take many forms, but it is generally defined as behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. There are two primary types of aggression: hostile aggression, which is motivated by anger with the intent to cause pain, and instrumental aggression, which is driven by the desire to achieve a goal and may not involve an intent to cause pain.
From the options given:
- Achieving one's goals is typically associated with instrumental aggression.
- Coping with feelings of annoyance is more in line with hostile aggression.
- Gaining material and social rewards can be a motive for instrumental aggression.
- Protecting oneself or others can be considered a prosocial behavior, which, unlike aggression, is intended to benefit others and is not typically driven by a desire to harm.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) Protecting oneself or others, as this is not generally a goal of aggressive behavior but rather of prosocial behavior, which aims to help rather than harm.