Final answer:
The terms 'anger' and 'hostility' have distinct meanings; anger is strong displeasure in response to perceived injury, while hostility is an antagonistic attitude toward others. The answer to the student's question is a) Anger; hostility.
Step-by-step explanation:
Anger refers to strong feelings of displeasure in response to perceived injury, while hostility refers to a negative antagonistic attitude toward another person or group. The correct answer to the fill-in-the-blank question is a) Anger; hostility.
Aggression, whether hostile or instrumental, implies seeking to cause harm or pain. Hostile aggression is driven by anger and aims to cause pain, while instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.
It is important to understand that both anger and hostility can have serious health consequences, such as increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease. The transactional model described by Vella et al. (2012) shows how hostility can create antagonistic behaviors that further reinforce a hostile disposition.