Final answer:
To remember information long-term, regular rehearsal of the material, particularly through elaborative rehearsal and distributed practice, is essential. Emotional connections can also enhance memory retention.
Step-by-step explanation:
To remember information for an extended period, certain cognitive processes must occur. While the answers proposed—overlearning, regular rehearsal, simplicity, and emotional links—each have an impact on memory retention, the most effective method backed by research is to actively work with the information in a meaningful way, known as elaborative rehearsal.
Elaborative rehearsal involves deeply processing the material by linking new information to existing knowledge and personal experiences. One strategy is to relate the material to oneself, invoking the self-reference effect, which makes the information more personally relevant and therefore easier to remember. Another effective method is distributed practice, where the material is studied across multiple sessions, allowing time for memory consolidation.
Additionally, the emotional content of material can significantly affect memory retention. The arousal theory suggests that emotions can strengthen memories, making them more vivid and durable. While emotional connections can enhance memory retention, it is not necessarily required for all types of learning and hence is not the only method to ensure long-term retention.
The final answer to the question of what must happen to remember information for more than a short while is: b. The information must be rehearsed regularly, with an emphasis on strategies like elaborative rehearsal for effective long-term memory storage.