Final answer:
The activity theory suggests that individuals should maintain activities and find replacements for roles as they age, while the disengagement theory posits that withdrawing from society is natural in old age. Pros and cons of each theory are discussed.
Step-by-step explanation:
Activity Theory
The activity theory suggests that to enjoy old age and feel satisfied, individuals must maintain activities and find replacements for the statuses and associated roles they have left behind as they age. Aging individuals continue to engage in a wide range of goals and activities, saving their energy for meaningful pursuits. For example, a professor who values teaching sociology may participate in phased retirement, teaching only a few classes per year.
Disengagement Theory
The disengagement theory posits that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old. This theory suggests that as individuals approach death and experience physical and mental decline, it is natural for them to withdraw from individuals and society. The disengagement theory also states that social withdrawal is gendered, with men focusing on work and women focusing on marriage and family.
Pros and Cons
Activity Theory:
Pros include maintaining social engagement and finding new roles in retirement, leading to a fulfilling and satisfying old age. Cons may include the pressure to continue being active and the expectation to find replacements for previous roles.
Disengagement Theory:
Pros include the opportunity for older adults to have greater freedom and less pressure to conform to social norms. Cons may include potential social isolation and reduced opportunities for interpersonal relationships and social support.