Final answer:
The cognitive approach is the one that posits that children develop gender schemas as they organize their beliefs and expectations about gender. Gender development and understanding come from a child's interactions and learning of social roles and expectations, influenced by societal norms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The approach to gender development that holds that children develop gender schemas is the b. Cognitive approach. The cognitive approach suggests that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. This also includes the development of gender schemas, which are organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that guide a child's thinking about gender. According to this perspective, children develop gender schemas as part of their general cognitive development.
A related perspective is the symbolic interactionist perspective, which posits that we "do gender" d. all of the time, in everything we do. This perspective sees gender as something that is performed and socially constructed through interaction.
Cognitive psychology (specifically, the cognitive developmental theory proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg) emphasizes how children think and come to understand their own and others' genders. They learn social roles and expectations, which are largely based on societal norms and reinforced through various forms of socialization. Through this process, they develop gender roles and expectations that align with societal standards, often influenced by cultural stereotypes.