Final answer:
Marta giving discounts to her own religious group demonstrates 'in-group bias,' a preference for one's own group. Market forces like profitability, labor shortages, and legal or reputational risks can incentivize businesses to act in a less discriminatory manner.
Step-by-step explanation:
Marta's action of granting special discounts at her store only to members of her own religious sect and not to members of other religions is an illustration of in-group bias. In-group bias refers to the preference for our own group over other groups. Because Marta identifies with her religious sect, she exhibits a favorable attitude towards them through special discounts. On the contrary, out-group bias would entail holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward individuals that belong to a different group or holding them in less preference.
Market forces can often incentivize businesses to act in a less discriminatory manner. For instance, the local flower delivery business might recognize that by not catering to black customers, they are potentially losing a significant portion of their market, which can negatively impact their revenue. Hence, the desire for increased profit can motivate the owner to overcome personal biases and serve all customers equally. Similarly, an assembly line that requires new workers may have to expand its hiring criteria, leading to more inclusivity. Lastly, a home health care services firm may face legal repercussions and a tarnished reputation, which can affect client retention if it is found to be practicing wage discrimination. Thus, market competitiveness, labor needs, and legal and social expectations can compel businesses to minimize discriminatory practices.