Final answer:
Stopping at red lights is an injunctive norm (reflecting approved behavior), whereas running a red light due to malfunction represents a descriptive norm (reflecting actual behavior by people). Thus, the correct answer is b) Injunctive; descriptive.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question refers to two types of societal norms: injunctive norms and descriptive norms. When driving, stopping for red lights is an injunctive norm; this means it is a behavior that is perceived as being approved by other people. Running a red light when the light seems to be malfunctioning, however, involves a descriptive norm, which describes a behavior that people do actually engage in, regardless of whether it is approved or not. The correct answer to the question is therefore:
When driving, stopping for red lights is an injunctive norm; running a red light when the light seems to be malfunctioning is a descriptive norm. So, the answer would be b) Injunctive; descriptive.