Final answer:
Effortful processing and the organization of information take place in Working memory, where active processing and manipulation of information are conducted for complex cognitive tasks.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct option : b
This is the part of the memory system that actively processes and manipulates multiple pieces of transitory information and is involved in critical thinking and problem-solving. Effortful processing involves encoding of information that requires attention and effort. Unlike automatic processing, where information is absorbed with little conscious effort, effortful processing demands more energy for complex tasks such as learning and retaining new vocabulary or concepts. This kind of processing often employs techniques such as elaborative rehearsal, which entails relating new information to what is already known.
Working memory is a temporary storage system and is part of the larger cognitive system that includes short-term memory and sensory memory. It is closely associated with the prefrontal cortex of the brain and is crucial for performing tasks where information needs to be manipulated or updated such as mental arithmetic or reading comprehension. The information in working memory can be further processed into long-term memory for permanent storage through the use of mnemonic devices and other memory-enhancing strategies.