Final answer:
The best way to apply the distributed practice effect is by spacing out study sessions over time, which allows better memory consolidation and deeper understanding of material. Contrastingly, cramming and prolonged, uninterrupted sessions may hinder long-term retention.
Step-by-step explanation:
The distributed practice effect is a psychological phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time. This approach aligns with the principle that memory consolidation requires time, allowing the brain to strengthen the neural connections associated with new information. By spacing out your study sessions (option c), you take advantage of this effect, leading to better long-term retention and understanding of the material. This contrasts with options a and b, which involve massed practice, where learning occurs in a short, condensed period and often results in quicker forgetting. The recommended practice incorporates strategies like elaborative rehearsal and flashcards for active recall, enhances memory by linking new information with existing knowledge, and involves regular review sessions for optimal learning.
Furthermore, forming a study group as mentioned in the additional material can provide varied perspectives and deeper understanding of challenging concepts, enhancing the distributed practice by incorporating social and collaborative learning dimensions. It's important to ensure that the material is understood deeply (levels of processing) and personalized (self-reference effect), to build a strong web of retrieval cues. Ultimately, distributed practice not only prepares you better for exams but also contributes to a more enduring mastery of the subject matter.