Final Answer:
Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness, or hopelessness are symptoms of c) Major depressive disorder
Step-by-step explanation:
Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness, or hopelessness are indicative symptoms primarily associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). MDD, commonly known as clinical depression, is characterized by persistent low mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities. These emotions are fundamental indicators used in clinical diagnosis to distinguish depressive disorders from other mental health conditions. (c)
Anxiety, while it can include feelings of sadness, tends to manifest differently with heightened worry and fear. Bipolar disorder involves distinct mood swings between highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Borderline personality disorder typically involves intense and unstable emotions along with difficulties in relationships, distinct from the pervasive feelings of sadness associated with MDD.
To elaborate, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) outlines specific criteria to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder, emphasizing the presence of these key symptoms for a considerable duration, affecting daily functioning. These symptoms collectively contribute to a comprehensive assessment, enabling clinicians to differentiate MDD from other mood or personality disorders. Understanding the nuanced differences in symptomatology aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies for individuals experiencing mental health challenges.