Final answer:
The correct answer is c) Mary Whiton Calkins, recognized as the first feminine psychologist and a pioneer in the field who conducted important memory research and opposed the behaviorist movement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is c) Mary Whiton Calkins. She was an early psychologist who championed women's issues and has been recognized as the first feminine psychologist. Her significant contributions to the field, despite facing discrimination as a woman, are still acknowledged today. Calkins completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1890s, but Harvard University refused to confer the degree upon her because of her gender. Nevertheless, she was taught by William James and later became the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).
Her research in psychology, especially in the areas of memory and self-psychology, laid the groundwork for future studies. She was a strong opponent of the behaviorist movement and established one of the first experimental psychology labs in the U.S. Calkins made substantial contributions to the field of psychology through her work on primacy and recency effects in memory, and her exploration of self-psychology.