Final answer:
Taste aversion is a type of conditioning that occurs when an individual develops an aversion to a specific food after experiencing illness or discomfort following consumption of that food. It can occur after just a single, negative experience and may be an evolutionary adaptation to help organisms quickly learn to avoid harmful foods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Taste aversion is a type of conditioning where an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). It occurs when an individual develops an aversion to a specific food after experiencing illness or discomfort following consumption of that food. In this case, Bill developed a taste aversion to clam chowder soup after coming down with the flu the night after eating it.
Taste aversion is a unique form of classical conditioning because it can occur after just a single, negative experience, even with an extended time lapse between the event and the negative stimulus. This type of conditioning may be an evolutionary adaptation that helps organisms quickly learn to avoid harmful foods. It has been observed in both animals and humans and is thought to contribute to species survival.
Based on this information, the correct answer to the question is d) Taste aversion.