Final answer:
Food is not a secondary reinforcer; it is a primary reinforcer because it satisfies a basic biological need. Money, grades, and a gold star are secondary reinforcers, as their value is determined by their association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student has asked which of the following is not a secondary reinforcer: a) Money b) Food c) Grades d) A gold star. A secondary reinforcer has no inherent value and is only reinforcing because it's been associated with a primary reinforcer. Primary reinforcers, on the other hand, satisfy basic biological needs and have innate reinforcing qualities.
In the given options, food is not a secondary reinforcer because it is a primary reinforcer. This is because food satisfies a basic biological need for sustenance. Money, grades, and a gold star are considered secondary reinforcers as their value is learned and they are reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.
For example, money is only valuable because it can be exchanged for goods and services, which may include primary reinforcers like food and shelter. Grades and a gold star are rewarding because they can signify achievement, leading to praise or further opportunities, which are associated with other reinforcers.