Final answer:
The scenario of overestimating the risk of a plane crash due to news reports is an example of the availability heuristic, where recent or easily remembered instances influence one's perception of probability.
Step-by-step explanation:
When one overestimates the probability of dying in an airplane crash after watching an evening news report of plane crashes, this exemplifies the availability heuristic. This cognitive bias refers to when one evaluates new information based on the most easily recalled examples, mistaking recent or vivid memories for being more common than they are statistically.
Especially in the context of airplane crashes, media coverage can result in such vivid representations that one overestimates the risk, despite flying being one of the safest modes of transportation.
In contrast, confirmation bias is when one focuses on information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs while anchoring and adjustment describes the reliance on initial information when making subsequent estimations. The representativeness heuristic involves making judgments based on resemblances to typical cases rather than objective probability, often leading to stereotype-based assessments.