Final answer:
The boomerang effect occurs when an individual reacts opposite to a persuasion attempt, often due to disliking the persuader or feeling that their cultural beliefs are being challenged, as represented by choice (d) which indicates not wanting to go against cultural standards.
Step-by-step explanation:
The boomerang effect refers to an outcome where an individual reacts to a persuasion attempt by adopting beliefs or behaviors opposite to what was intended. This often happens when the persuader is disliked or the persuasive message challenges deeply held cultural norms and beliefs. In light of the options provided, the closest match to the definition of the boomerang effect is when an individual does not want to go against the standards and beliefs of her culture (option d).
For example, imagine a collectivist culture that values communal living and sharing among its members. If an outside advocate for individualism and competitive success attempts to sway members of this culture with a message that contradicts their cultural norms, the members may not only reject the message but also reinforce their communal values even more strongly. This is the essence of the boomerang effect—a rebound to the opposite opinion or behavior when faced with persuasive communication that is perceived as attacking one's identity or cultural beliefs.
In conclusion, the boomerang effect can be a form of resistance to change, especially when the persuasion challenges deeply-held cultural or group norms. It underscores the complexity of human psychology and the importance of understanding the social and cultural context in which persuasion occurs.