Final answer:
Wilson and Gilbert (2003) refer to the phenomenon where people overestimate the impact of future emotional states as the impact bias. Confirmation bias and response biases like the Bradley effect also illustrate how our expectations and societal factors can distort perceptions and interactions.
Step-by-step explanation:
When people adjust to personal injuries, romantic breakups, and exam failures more easily than they anticipate, Wilson and Gilbert (2003) refer to this tendency as d) The impact bias. The impact bias is the tendency for people to overestimate the duration or the intensity of future emotional states. For example, people might believe that they will be devastated for a long time after a breakup, but in reality, they often cope better and recover more quickly than they expect. This is because humans are generally resilient and can adapt to new circumstances.
Other cognitive biases include the confirmation bias, which is the tendency to favor information that confirms previously existing beliefs. Response biases, like the Bradley effect, illustrate how social desirability can influence how people respond to questions. Ultimately, understanding these biases helps us recognize that both our predictions about future emotions and our perceptions of information are often skewed by our expectations and social contexts.